水泥穩(wěn)定材料（cement stabilized material）是以水泥為結(jié)合料，通過加水與穩(wěn)定材料共同拌和形成的混合料。包括水泥穩(wěn)定級配碎石、水泥穩(wěn)定級配礫石、水泥穩(wěn)定石屑、水泥穩(wěn)定土、水泥穩(wěn)定砂等。將此混合物經(jīng)攤鋪、碾壓和養(yǎng)生后，可作為路面的基層或底基層。水泥穩(wěn)定碎石，是將水泥、級配碎石、石屑和水按一定比例混合攪拌，攤鋪碾壓后形成的一種半剛性結(jié)構(gòu)層，在壓實和養(yǎng)生后，其無側(cè)限抗壓強度符合規(guī)定的要求。

Cement stabilized material is a mixture formed by mixing cement as a binder and stabilizing material with water. Including cement stabilized graded crushed stone, cement stabilized graded gravel, cement stabilized stone chips, cement stabilized soil, cement stabilized sand, etc. After paving, rolling, and curing, this mixture can be used as the base or sub base of the road surface. Cement stabilized crushed stone is a semi-rigid structural layer formed by mixing cement, graded crushed stone, stone chips, and water in a certain proportion, paving and rolling. After compaction and curing, its unconfined compressive strength meets the specified requirements.

水泥穩(wěn)定碎石作為路面基層材料具有良好的力學性能和整體性、穩(wěn)定性、耐久性、抗凍性以及與面層能夠很好地結(jié)合的技術(shù)特點，在公路路面基層或底基層得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。為了充分發(fā)揮其優(yōu)良的材料功能特點，必須切實做好水泥穩(wěn)定碎石的施工工藝和管理各項要求，控制好整個施工管理的各個環(huán)節(jié)，達到規(guī)范規(guī)定的各項質(zhì)量要求。

Cement stabilized crushed stone, as a pavement base material, has good mechanical properties, integrity, stability, durability, frost resistance, and technical characteristics that can be well combined with the surface layer. It has been widely used in highway pavement base or subbase. In order to fully utilize its excellent material functional characteristics, it is necessary to effectively carry out the construction process and management requirements of cement stabilized crushed stone, control all aspects of the entire construction management, and meet the quality requirements specified in the specifications.

1 水泥穩(wěn)定碎石作用原理水泥穩(wěn)定碎石是以級配碎石作為集料，原材料質(zhì)量控制要求水泥、集料的相關(guān)參數(shù)要達到規(guī)范要求，采用一定數(shù)量的膠凝材料和足夠的灰漿體積填充骨料的空隙，按嵌擠原理攤鋪壓實。其壓實度接近于密實度，強度主要靠碎石間的嵌擠鎖結(jié)原理，同時有足夠的灰漿體積來填充骨料的空隙。它的初期強度高，并且強度隨齡期而增加很快結(jié)成板體，因而具有較高的強度、抗?jié)B度和抗凍性較好?；旌狭系慕M成設(shè)計按照水泥穩(wěn)定粒料保濕養(yǎng)生6d、浸水1d無側(cè)限抗壓強度3～5MPa的標準，確定水泥劑量和混合料的最佳含水量。水泥用量一般為混合料3%～6%，7d的無側(cè)限抗壓強度控制以5MPa為宜，實際配合比控制強度為4～4.5MPa，較其他路基材料高。水泥穩(wěn)定碎石成活后遇雨不泥濘，表面堅實，是高級路面的理想基層材料。

The principle of cement stabilized crushed stone is to use graded crushed stone as aggregate, and the quality control of raw materials requires that the relevant parameters of cement and aggregate meet the specification requirements. A certain amount of cementitious material and sufficient mortar volume are used to fill the gaps of the aggregate, and it is spread and compacted according to the principle of interlocking. Its compaction degree is close to that of compactness, and its strength mainly relies on the interlocking principle between crushed stones, while having sufficient mortar volume to fill the voids of the aggregate. Its initial strength is high, and its strength increases rapidly with age to form a board, thus it has high strength, good impermeability, and frost resistance. The composition design of the mixture is based on the standard of 3-5MPa unconfined compressive strength after 6 days of moisture retention and 1 day of immersion of cement stabilized aggregates, and the optimal cement dosage and moisture content of the mixture are determined. The cement dosage is generally 3% to 6% of the mixture, and the unconfined compressive strength for 7 days should be controlled at 5MPa. The actual mix ratio control strength is 4 to 4.5MPa, which is higher than other roadbed materials. Cement stabilized crushed stone, after survival, does not become muddy in the rain and has a solid surface, making it an ideal base material for high-grade road surfaces.

2 材料的質(zhì)量控制

Quality control of materials

2.1 水泥

2.1 Cement

（1）水泥作為結(jié)合料的一種穩(wěn)定劑，其質(zhì)量控制是很重要的。可采用普通硅酸鹽水泥、礦渣硅酸鹽水泥、火山灰質(zhì)硅酸鹽水泥，強度等級為32.5或42.5。為使水泥穩(wěn)定碎石有足夠的時間進行拌和、運輸、攤鋪、碾壓以及保證其具有足夠的強度，不應(yīng)使用快凝水泥、早強水泥以及受潮變質(zhì)水泥。

(1) The quality control of cement, as a stabilizer for binders, is crucial. Ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement, and volcanic ash Portland cement can be used, with a strength grade of 32.5 or 42.5. In order to allow sufficient time for mixing, transportation, paving, rolling, and ensuring sufficient strength of cement stabilized crushed stone, fast setting cement, early strength cement, and moisture damaged cement should not be used.

（2）所用水泥初凝時間應(yīng)大于3h，終凝時間應(yīng)大于6h且小于10h。

(2) The initial setting time of the cement used should be greater than 3 hours, and the final setting time should be greater than 6 hours and less than 10 hours.

（3）采用散裝水泥，在水泥進場入罐后要停放7天，安定性合格后才能使用；夏季高溫作業(yè)時，水泥入罐溫度不能高于50℃，否則，應(yīng)采用降溫措施。

(3) Bulk cement is used, and it must be stored for 7 days after entering the tank. It can only be used after its stability is qualified; During high-temperature operations in summer, the temperature of cement entering the tank should not exceed 50 ℃, otherwise cooling measures should be taken.

2.2 粗集料

2.2 Coarse aggregate

（1）碎石的最大粒徑一般為31.5mm，宜按粒徑19～31.5mm、9.5～19mm、4.75～9.5mm和0～4.75mm四種規(guī)格備料。建議采用堅硬、潔凈、無雜質(zhì)的玄武巖、石灰?guī)r或輝綠巖。

(1) The maximum particle size of crushed stone is generally 31.5mm, and it is recommended to prepare materials in four specifications: 19-31.5mm, 9.5-19mm, 4.75-9.5mm, and 0-4.75mm. It is recommended to use hard, clean, and impurity free basalt, limestone, or diabase.

（2）石子壓碎值、針片狀顆粒含量、0.075mm以下粉塵含量、軟石含量均應(yīng)符合規(guī)范要求。

(2) The crushing value of stones, the content of needle shaped particles, the content of dust below 0.075mm, and the content of soft stones should all meet the requirements of the specifications.

2.3 細集料（1）細集料應(yīng)潔凈、干燥、無風化、無雜質(zhì)，并有適當?shù)募壟洹?/p>

2.3 Fine aggregate (1) Fine aggregate should be clean, dry, free from weathering, impurities, and have appropriate gradation.

（2）細集料砂當量≥50%。實踐證明，利用級配良好的碎石拌和的基層混合料強度高、穩(wěn)定性好。2.4 水符合現(xiàn)行《生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標準》GB 5749—2022的飲用水可直接作為基層、底基層材料拌和與養(yǎng)生用水。

(2) Fine aggregate sand equivalent ≥ 50%. Practice has proven that the base mixture mixed with well graded crushed stones has high strength and good stability. 2.4 Water that meets the current "Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water" GB 5749-2022 can be directly used as mixing and health water for base and sub base materials.

3 配合比設(shè)計3.1 集料的比例和級配

3 Mix proportion design 3.1 Proportion and gradation of aggregates

（1）用于二級及二級以上的公路基層和底基層的級配碎石和礫石，應(yīng)由至少4種規(guī)格的材料摻配而成。

(1) Graded crushed stone and gravel used for secondary and above highway base and subbase should be mixed with at least four specifications of materials.

（2）級配碎石或礫石細集料的塑性指數(shù)應(yīng)不大于12。不滿足要求時，可摻加石灰、無塑性的砂和石屑。

(2) The plasticity index of graded crushed stone or gravel fine aggregate should not exceed 12. When the requirements are not met, lime, non plastic sand, and stone chips can be added.

（3）從料場選擇有代表性的試樣進行篩分，通過試算法（正規(guī)方程法）或圖解法確定各檔集料的摻配比例。

(3) Select representative samples from the material yard for screening, and determine the mixing ratio of each grade of aggregate through trial and error algorithm (regular equation method) or graphical method.

（4）級配碎石用作基層時，高速公路和一級公路公稱最大粒徑應(yīng)不大于26.5mm，二級及二級以下公路公稱最大粒徑應(yīng)不大于31.5mm；用作底基層時，公稱最大粒徑應(yīng)不大于37.5mm。

(4) When graded crushed stone is used as base course, the nominal maximum particle size of expressway and first-class highway shall not be greater than 26.5mm, and the nominal maximum particle size of roads of Class II and below shall not be greater than 31.5mm; When used as a base layer, the nominal maximum particle size should not exceed 37.5mm.

建議基層混合料設(shè)計級配曲線在C-B-1級配范圍優(yōu)選，宜落在級配范圍中離下限曲線稍近的位置，并重點控制19mm、9.5mm、4.75mm、2.36mm、0.6mm、0.075mm這些關(guān)鍵篩孔的通過率在級配范圍之內(nèi)，

It is recommended to optimize the gradation curve of the grassroots mixture design within the C-B-1 gradation range, which should be located slightly closer to the lower limit curve in the gradation range, and focus on controlling the pass rate of key sieve holes such as 19mm, 9.5mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 0.6mm, and 0.075mm within the gradation range,

31.5mm通過率要求100%，26.5mm篩上允許有不超過3%的顆粒含量。水泥穩(wěn)定碎石中0.075mm以下的含量較高時，將影響混合料的收縮性能，容易開裂，應(yīng)控制在5%以下；同時，為了保證混合料具有良好的抗疲勞性能，0.075mm以下含量的下限控制在2%。

The pass rate of 31.5mm requires 100%, and a particle content of no more than 3% is allowed on the 26.5mm sieve. When the content of cement stabilized crushed stone below 0.075mm is high, it will affect the shrinkage performance of the mixture and is prone to cracking. It should be controlled below 5%; At the same time, in order to ensure that the mixture has good fatigue resistance, the lower limit of the content below 0.075mm is controlled at 2%.

3.2 水泥劑量水泥的劑量對水泥穩(wěn)定層質(zhì)量起著關(guān)鍵作用。劑量太小，不能確保水泥穩(wěn)定碎石基層施工質(zhì)量；而劑量太大，既不經(jīng)濟，還會使基層的裂縫增多、增寬，從而引起面層相對應(yīng)的反射裂縫?？紤]到施工時各種損耗，工地實際施工采用的水泥劑量應(yīng)比試驗室內(nèi)確定的劑量增加0.5%～1%，以確保水泥穩(wěn)定基層的質(zhì)量，但應(yīng)控制不超過6%。

The dosage of cement plays a crucial role in the quality of the cement stabilized layer. The dosage is too small to ensure the construction quality of cement stabilized crushed stone base; However, excessive dosage is not only uneconomical, but also increases and widens the cracks in the base layer, causing corresponding reflection cracks in the surface layer. Considering various losses during construction, the actual cement dosage used in the construction site should be increased by 0.5% to 1% compared to the dosage determined in the laboratory to ensure the quality of the cement stabilized base, but should not exceed 6%.

3.3 最佳含水量如果含水量過大，會影響基層的壓實度，也會影響混合料的干縮性，使結(jié)構(gòu)層容易產(chǎn)生干縮裂縫；含水量過小，混合料不易碾壓成型，也會影響基層的壓實度和強度。施工過程中要根據(jù)天氣情況和運輸距離等因素及時調(diào)整含水量的大小，使混合料在碾壓時達到最佳含水量。根據(jù)路面基層施工技術(shù)規(guī)范及施工經(jīng)驗，一般情況下實際拌和的含水量應(yīng)比最佳含水量略高0.5%～1%。若氣溫較高或運輸距離較長時應(yīng)提高1%～1.5%，以彌補混合料運輸、攤鋪和碾壓過程中水分的損失，確保混合料的最佳含水量。

3.3 Optimal moisture content: If the moisture content is too high, it will affect the compaction degree of the base layer and also affect the drying shrinkage of the mixture, making it easy for the structural layer to produce drying shrinkage cracks; If the moisture content is too low, the mixture is not easy to compact and shape, which can also affect the compaction degree and strength of the base layer. During the construction process, the moisture content should be adjusted in a timely manner according to factors such as weather conditions and transportation distance, so that the mixture can reach the optimal moisture content during compaction. According to the technical specifications and construction experience of pavement base construction, the actual mixed moisture content should generally be slightly higher than the optimal moisture content by 0.5% to 1%. If the temperature is high or the transportation distance is long, it should be increased by 1% to 1.5% to compensate for the loss of moisture during the transportation, paving, and rolling of the mixture, ensuring the optimal moisture content of the mixture.

3.4 最大干密度最大干密度直接影響著兩個重要的質(zhì)量技術(shù)指標，即7天無側(cè)限抗壓強度和現(xiàn)場壓實度?；旌狭显诠さ噩F(xiàn)場實際達到的干密度與室內(nèi)標準最大干密度的比值就是水泥穩(wěn)定碎石基層的壓實度。最大干密度是水泥穩(wěn)定級配碎石施工過程中的重要質(zhì)量控制參數(shù)，直接決定基層壓實度的大小，而壓實度是反映基層內(nèi)在質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵指標。若基層壓實度不夠，會導致基層的抗壓能力不足，主要表現(xiàn)為基層開裂，裂縫反射到瀝青面層上，導致瀝青路面開裂，大大降低路面的使用性能。

3.4 The maximum dry density directly affects two important quality technical indicators, namely the 7-day unconfined compressive strength and on-site compaction degree. The ratio of the actual dry density achieved by the mixture on the construction site to the maximum indoor standard dry density is the compaction degree of the cement stabilized crushed stone base. The maximum dry density is an important quality control parameter in the construction process of cement stabilized graded crushed stone, which directly determines the compaction degree of the base layer. Compaction degree is a key indicator reflecting the inherent quality of the base layer. If the compaction degree of the base layer is not sufficient, it will lead to insufficient compressive strength of the base layer, mainly manifested as cracking of the base layer, which will reflect onto the asphalt surface layer, causing cracking of the asphalt pavement and greatly reducing the performance of the pavement.

4 混合料的拌和

Mixing of 4 mixtures

（1）水泥穩(wěn)定碎石優(yōu)先使用振動攪拌，就是在攪拌的同時施以振動作用，使混合料中的水泥顆粒處于顫動狀態(tài)，從而破壞黏聚的水泥團單元體，使水泥顆粒得以快速均勻地分布。與普通靜力攪拌相比，振動攪拌可以提高水泥穩(wěn)定碎石中水泥石與粗集料界面過渡區(qū)的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)，改善水泥漿體的外觀和水泥穩(wěn)定碎石的孔隙率和孔結(jié)構(gòu)分布，從而提高水泥穩(wěn)定碎石耐久性和力學性能。

(1) Vibration mixing is preferred for cement stabilized crushed stone, which means applying vibration while mixing to make the cement particles in the mixture vibrate, thereby breaking the cohesive cement aggregates and allowing the cement particles to be quickly and evenly distributed. Compared with ordinary static mixing, vibration mixing can improve the microstructure of the transition zone between cement stone and coarse aggregate in cement stabilized crushed stone, enhance the appearance of cement slurry and the porosity and pore structure distribution of cement stabilized crushed stone, thereby improving the durability and mechanical properties of cement stabilized crushed stone.

（2）各料倉、水泥電子秤在使用前須經(jīng)有資質(zhì)的檢測單位進行標定，使用前還需進行動載試驗校核，確保計量準確。

(2) Each silo and cement electronic scale must be calibrated by a qualified testing unit before use, and dynamic load testing and verification must be conducted before use to ensure accurate measurement.

（3）開盤前，應(yīng)預先抽樣檢測粗、細骨料的含水率，計算當天的施工配合比，以控制整個攪拌過程中的用水量。實際生產(chǎn)過程中要達到“手握成團，落地開花”的狀態(tài)，用此經(jīng)驗方法檢測含水率方便實用、簡單易行。

(3) Before the opening, the moisture content of coarse and fine aggregates should be sampled and tested in advance, and the construction mix ratio for the day should be calculated to control the water consumption during the entire mixing process. In the actual production process, it is necessary to achieve the state of "holding hands and forming clusters, falling to the ground and blooming". This empirical method is convenient, practical, and simple to use for detecting moisture content.

（4）水泥穩(wěn)定碎石出料攪拌完成的經(jīng)驗標準是混合料色澤一致，沒有灰條、灰團和花面，沒有粗細集料“窩”，且水分合適均勻。

(4) The experience standard for the completion of cement stabilized crushed stone discharge mixing is that the color of the mixture is consistent, there are no gray bars, gray lumps, or flower surfaces, there are no coarse or fine aggregate "pits", and the moisture content is appropriate and uniform.

（5）生產(chǎn)過程中，應(yīng)對成品料及時進行取樣分析，檢查混合料的級配情況以及含水率的均勻性，用EDTA滴定法及時測量水泥劑量。為保證混合料的質(zhì)量，需經(jīng)常進行取樣分析并及時調(diào)整。

(5) During the production process, the finished materials should be sampled and analyzed in a timely manner to check the gradation and uniformity of the moisture content of the mixture. The cement dosage should be measured in a timely manner using EDTA titration method. To ensure the quality of the mixture, it is necessary to conduct regular sampling analysis and make timely adjustments.

5 混合料的運輸和攤鋪

Transportation and paving of 5 mixtures

（1）運輸車輛一定要滿足拌和出料與攤鋪的進度，并略有富余。

(1) Transport vehicles must meet the schedule of mixing, discharging, and paving, with a slight surplus.

（2）車上的混合料應(yīng)覆蓋，減少水分損失。當車內(nèi)混合料不能在水泥初凝時間內(nèi)運到工地攤鋪壓實時，必須予以廢棄。

(2) The mixture on the car should be covered to reduce moisture loss. When the mixture in the vehicle cannot be transported to the construction site for paving and compaction within the initial setting time of cement, it must be discarded.

（3）攤鋪前做好施工放樣工作，根據(jù)試驗路段確定的松鋪系數(shù)進行掛線，以保證水泥穩(wěn)定基層的設(shè)計厚度。

(3) Before paving, carry out construction layout work and hang lines based on the loose paving coefficient determined by the test section to ensure the design thickness of the cement stabilized base layer.

（4）下承層表面應(yīng)平整、堅實、干凈，施工前對下承層灑水潤濕。

(4) The surface of the lower layer should be flat, solid, and clean, and the lower layer should be moistened with water before construction.

（5）基層施工宜采用多臺攤鋪機全幅攤鋪，攤鋪機的規(guī)格、型號要一致，前后間距5～10m，攤鋪時攤鋪機攤鋪速度設(shè)定為1～1.5m/min。

(5) It is advisable to use multiple pavers for full width paving during grassroots construction. The specifications and models of the pavers should be consistent, with a distance of 5-10m between them. The paving speed of the pavers should be set at 1-1.5m/min during paving.

（6）前后兩臺攤鋪機重疊50～100mm，中縫輔以人工修整。攤鋪機在攤鋪過程中應(yīng)連續(xù)、均勻、不間斷攤鋪。

(6) The front and rear pavers overlap by 50-100mm, and the middle seam is manually adjusted. The paver should spread continuously, evenly, and uninterrupted during the paving process.

（7）盡量減少攤鋪機收放料斗，在攤鋪機前后設(shè)專人消除粗細集料離析現(xiàn)象，特別應(yīng)鏟除粗料料窩，然后用新拌混合料填補，以確保配合比穩(wěn)定統(tǒng)一。

(7) Try to minimize the collection and discharge hopper of the paver, and assign a dedicated person to eliminate the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates before and after the paver. Especially, the coarse material pit should be removed, and then filled with fresh mixed material to ensure a stable and uniform mix proportion.

6 混合料的壓實

Compaction of mixture 6

（1）要及時進行碾壓。碾壓過程中，混合料表面應(yīng)始終保持濕潤，如水分蒸發(fā)過快，應(yīng)及時噴灑少量水；宜先用輕型兩輪壓路機跟在攤鋪機后及時碾壓，后用重型振動壓路機繼續(xù)碾壓，經(jīng)拌和的水泥混合料宜在2小時以內(nèi)碾壓完成，并達到要求的密實度。

(1) Timely compaction is necessary. During the rolling process, the surface of the mixture should always be kept moist. If the water evaporates too quickly, a small amount of water should be sprayed in a timely manner; It is advisable to first use a lightweight two wheeled roller to follow the paver for timely rolling, and then use a heavy-duty vibratory roller to continue rolling. The mixed cement mixture should be rolled within 2 hours and achieve the required density.

（2）壓路機碾壓時的速度，宜控制在第1～2遍為1.5～1.7km/h，以后各遍應(yīng)為1.8～2.2km/h，且碾壓時應(yīng)重疊1/2輪寬。

(2) The speed of the road roller during rolling should be controlled at 1.5-1.7km/h for the first and second passes, and 1.8-2.2km/h for each subsequent pass, with an overlap of 1/2 wheel width during rolling.

（3）碾壓過程中，如有“彈簧”、“松散”、“起皮”等現(xiàn)象時，應(yīng)及時翻開重新拌和或用其他方法處理。

(3) During the rolling process, if there are phenomena such as "spring", "looseness", "peeling", etc., they should be promptly opened and re mixed or treated with other methods.

（4）基層應(yīng)采用分層施工方法，分層最大壓實厚度不宜超過20cm，最小不應(yīng)小于16cm，壓實厚度宜為18～20cm。

(4) The base layer should adopt a layered construction method, and the maximum compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 20cm, the minimum should not be less than 16cm, and the compacted thickness should be 18-20cm.

（5）碾壓原則：先輕后重，先慢后快，盡量縮短從拌和、攤鋪到碾壓之間的延遲時間。

(5) Rolling principle: light before heavy, slow before fast, try to shorten the delay time from mixing, paving to rolling as much as possible.

（6）為了及時指導現(xiàn)場壓實工作，碾壓過程中，可用核子儀初查壓實度，不合格時，重復再壓（注意檢測壓實時間），碾壓完成后用灌砂法檢測壓實度。另外，在碾壓過程中應(yīng)進行標高、平整度的及時跟蹤檢測，如發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴重超標，應(yīng)及時修整。

(6) In order to provide timely guidance for on-site compaction work, a nuclear gauge can be used to initially check the compaction degree during the compaction process. If it is not qualified, it can be repeatedly compacted (pay attention to checking the compaction time). After compaction is completed, the compaction degree can be checked using the sand filling method. In addition, timely tracking and testing of elevation and flatness should be carried out during the rolling process. If serious exceedances are found, they should be rectified in a timely manner.

（7）碾壓應(yīng)達到要求的壓實度，并沒有明顯的輪跡。7 水泥穩(wěn)定碎石的養(yǎng)生（1）水泥穩(wěn)定碎石底基層、基層在碾壓完成后并經(jīng)壓實度檢查合格后，應(yīng)立即開始養(yǎng)生。（2）養(yǎng)生方法：應(yīng)將麻布或透水無紡土工布濕潤，然后人工覆蓋在碾壓完成的基層（底基層）頂面。覆蓋2～3h后，再用灑水車灑水，在養(yǎng)護期內(nèi)應(yīng)保持基層（底基層）處于濕潤狀態(tài)。養(yǎng)生結(jié)束后，應(yīng)將覆蓋物清除干凈

(7) Rolling should achieve the required compaction degree without obvious wheel marks. 7. Curing of Cement Stabilized Crushed Stone (1) After the completion of compaction and passing the compaction degree inspection, the curing of cement stabilized crushed stone subbase and base should be started immediately. (2) Health preservation method: The hemp cloth or permeable non-woven geotextile should be moistened, and then manually covered on the top surface of the compacted base layer (sub base layer). After covering for 2-3 hours, use a sprinkler truck to water again. During the maintenance period, the base layer (sub base layer) should be kept moist. After the health preservation is over, the covering should be cleaned thoroughly

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